Objective 8- The process of neural transmission.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/348522227.jpg)
How does the brain work? How does our cranium
receive message from our other appendages? A question asked regularly
throughout the ages, the thought of there being little men with hardhats
running back and forth throughout our bodies seems like a bit of a stretch.
Hey, not saying that it’s not a great analogy for what we are trying to portray
but it’s not quite right. None of the
previous statements would be imaginable if it weren’t for the small messengers
called neurotransmitters.
Neural transmitters are kind like the “mail service” of the brain, the letters between neurons, transmitting currents back and forth. What ends up occurring is the neurons are sending messages to its neighboring neurons. They are transmitted through a connection called a synapse, through this the chemical neurotransmitters are allowed to do their job of spreading the signals/voltages to the others.
Neural transmitters are kind like the “mail service” of the brain, the letters between neurons, transmitting currents back and forth. What ends up occurring is the neurons are sending messages to its neighboring neurons. They are transmitted through a connection called a synapse, through this the chemical neurotransmitters are allowed to do their job of spreading the signals/voltages to the others.
Image Above: http://www.kickoff.net.au/images/Neuron.jpg
In a more detailed approach, the image above can give you more of a in-depth look at what exactly neurotransmission entails. Terminology is more specific and accurate. Trivia: an Axon is a thread-like extension of a nerve cell.
Resources: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4926362_neural-transmission-work.html
First Brain Image: http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb61/HumanBrain.jpg
In a more detailed approach, the image above can give you more of a in-depth look at what exactly neurotransmission entails. Terminology is more specific and accurate. Trivia: an Axon is a thread-like extension of a nerve cell.
Resources: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4926362_neural-transmission-work.html
First Brain Image: http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb61/HumanBrain.jpg
Objective 9- The structure of the human nervous system.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/9186162.jpg?108)
The nervous system is one of the most organized
and advanced systematic group of processes in the human body. It is smart,
making adjustments when dealing with your environment. Broken up into several
parts, there is the cerebral cortex which has two areas, central and
peripheral; consisting of consciousness. All very important, the nervous system
has great weight on quality of life and the function of your body.
Other systems within the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Central is the brain and the spinal cord, where the peripheral is more to do with nerves and various tissues throughout the body. To understand the structure in a better format, visual aid can be a great asset. As shown in the figure below there is a greater example of the process.
Other systems within the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Central is the brain and the spinal cord, where the peripheral is more to do with nerves and various tissues throughout the body. To understand the structure in a better format, visual aid can be a great asset. As shown in the figure below there is a greater example of the process.
Image Above: http://www.pic2fly.com/Central+Nervous+System+Diagram.html
What you see in the image above are all parts of the central nervous system. All working within to controls a large part of function, from a more structural approach it controls your brain, spinal cord, and any nerves.
Resources: http://www.bartleby.com/107/183.html
What you see in the image above are all parts of the central nervous system. All working within to controls a large part of function, from a more structural approach it controls your brain, spinal cord, and any nerves.
Resources: http://www.bartleby.com/107/183.html
Objective 10- Research on the split brain.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/365003066.jpg)
Split brain is a condition resulting from
surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the axon fibers
between them (page 76 of Psychology the Tenth Addition with Modules, By David
G. Meyers). Los Angeles, California 1961; a pair of neurosurgeons had a patient
who suffered from epileptic seizures, bouncing between the hemispheres of the
brain. So they performed a careful procedure of cutting the fibers between the
two parts of the brain, the seizures disappeared. The patient had minor
cognitive problems and functioned for the most part, completely normal.
It is amazing what the human body can overcome, what it can deal with, how it can adapt. The instance in Los Angeles is just an example of how the whole shebang works. It was also preformed on monkeys to see the effects before a human trial was executed. The primate, Gazzanigna in 1988 had normal function and was a doorway for observation and judgment to be made on the surgery. In conclusion, the brain can function with one hemisphere and continues to maintain a sense of normalcy.
It is amazing what the human body can overcome, what it can deal with, how it can adapt. The instance in Los Angeles is just an example of how the whole shebang works. It was also preformed on monkeys to see the effects before a human trial was executed. The primate, Gazzanigna in 1988 had normal function and was a doorway for observation and judgment to be made on the surgery. In conclusion, the brain can function with one hemisphere and continues to maintain a sense of normalcy.
Image Above: http://ideasolar.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/split-brain-patients.jpg
Above you see a picture of an individual identifying what he or she sees on different sides of the brain, or perceived by the opposite optic nerves and how when you split the brain fibers on side of the brain takes on the tasks that both hemispheres would have shared. One side sees a bird foot and the other understand that it relates to a bird. The other side sees a cold day and knows to associate that with a shovel.
Resources: (Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules, By David G. Meyers) and http://www.ehow.com/about_5116993_split-brain-research.html
Above you see a picture of an individual identifying what he or she sees on different sides of the brain, or perceived by the opposite optic nerves and how when you split the brain fibers on side of the brain takes on the tasks that both hemispheres would have shared. One side sees a bird foot and the other understand that it relates to a bird. The other side sees a cold day and knows to associate that with a shovel.
Resources: (Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules, By David G. Meyers) and http://www.ehow.com/about_5116993_split-brain-research.html
Objective 11- Identify and describe the variables that produce conformity and obedience.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/195367564.jpg)
When you hear a tune that catches
your attention, sometimes it results in the inevitable, humming. History shows
that Adolf Hitler played quite the tune for Germany and they went along
humming, killing as they went. Social psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a
series of experiments to prove his theory that people fall to social pressures.
He found this to be true over time, while being involved with his
experimentations. According to Elie Wiesel’s Nobel Acceptance Speech in 1986 he
expresses his sadness for such an event, and his victimization. Elie also
states his resentment for the cruelty in our world today, including the
treatment of those who cannot defend themselves.
All a result of the mistreatment of those under the direction of a greater power, an untrue cause. This piece caused me to think of possible causes for of the events that raise eyebrows and allows jaws to drop. Does the simple explanation of the conformity of society dismiss what has happened? ABSOLUTELY not in the slightest. Those who try and play God, deciding who lives and who dies are bound to meet justice, but that cannot undo the damage that has dented the memory of the world. Unquestioned obedience is a dangerous tool, devised by the wicked and the unjust. We can try and prevent this from happening again, but history has a habit of repeating.
(Journal Entry 2, 2014 Introduction to Psychology: Faith Meineke)
When put into a situation where fear is evident and conformity is the inevitable, decision making can be a bit blurred. What causes such mass conformity and obedience? A petty example could be that you’ve seen 5 or 6 girls wearing a certain brand of jeans, and you HAVE GO TO HAVE THEM! That’s a type of conformity. Obedience is more of a scary and powerful being, it deals with events like the Holocaust when you have a dangerously demanding leader and it causes mass death and destruction. The workers do what he/she says without question. Minds of metal. Variables, how strong is the influence, how much the people believe what is being preached. All dangerous, lethal on a large scale.
Not to compare the holocaust to wanting a pair of jeans, but there is a domino effect in place. One person exhibits a behavior it spreads and remains contagious till the next "newest" behavior replaces the previous one.
Resources: (Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules, By David G. Meyers)
Image: http://www.349amw.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/090419-F-0000Z-019.jpg
All a result of the mistreatment of those under the direction of a greater power, an untrue cause. This piece caused me to think of possible causes for of the events that raise eyebrows and allows jaws to drop. Does the simple explanation of the conformity of society dismiss what has happened? ABSOLUTELY not in the slightest. Those who try and play God, deciding who lives and who dies are bound to meet justice, but that cannot undo the damage that has dented the memory of the world. Unquestioned obedience is a dangerous tool, devised by the wicked and the unjust. We can try and prevent this from happening again, but history has a habit of repeating.
(Journal Entry 2, 2014 Introduction to Psychology: Faith Meineke)
When put into a situation where fear is evident and conformity is the inevitable, decision making can be a bit blurred. What causes such mass conformity and obedience? A petty example could be that you’ve seen 5 or 6 girls wearing a certain brand of jeans, and you HAVE GO TO HAVE THEM! That’s a type of conformity. Obedience is more of a scary and powerful being, it deals with events like the Holocaust when you have a dangerously demanding leader and it causes mass death and destruction. The workers do what he/she says without question. Minds of metal. Variables, how strong is the influence, how much the people believe what is being preached. All dangerous, lethal on a large scale.
Not to compare the holocaust to wanting a pair of jeans, but there is a domino effect in place. One person exhibits a behavior it spreads and remains contagious till the next "newest" behavior replaces the previous one.
Resources: (Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules, By David G. Meyers)
Image: http://www.349amw.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/090419-F-0000Z-019.jpg
Objective 12- Discuss the factors that promote bystander apathy and de-individuation and how an examination of moral development helps us understand individuals’ responses to these factors.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/495500140.jpeg?335)
Bys00tander apathy is one of the most interesting and awful thing to read about, it is simply a group of bystanders witnessing an accident or tragedy and no one calls for help because they think the person next to them has already called. Then no help arrives or doesn't arrive soon enough to offer the help that is desperately needed.
In our text book (Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) it says that we are mostly likely to help if we first notice the situation, then interpret it as an emergency, and then to assume responsibility for helping. However, at each of these steps the more people involved could deter the actual goal of what you are trying to accomplish: to help.
Let's say that a store was robbed and the owner is severely injured, people start to gather around and then what happens? The normal response that we would hope for would be that someone would call the police, an ambulance, or SOMETHING to aid the injured shop owner. However in this situation the people gathering around are subject to classic bystander apathy and no one calls anyone because they already think someone else has called. That is the sad and scary truth of the affect emergency has on crowds.
De-individuation is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. So there are three things that are involved with this to be a perfect identification of de-individuation. One there must be anonymity or no one can find our you wee involved. Two, distance from responsibility or you distancing yourself from the responsibility you should have for you actions. Three, then the group size come in to play: the larger the group there is a better chance that you will be caused to increase the anonymity and distancing responsibility mindsets.
At New York University there was a study done, 2 groups of women one cloaked and one not were asked to deliver electric shocks to a victim. An in result the women that remained cloaked (de-individuation) delivered twice as much shock to the "victim" (which received no actual shocks) because they were in a group and were not identifiable.
Moral Development focuses in on an individuals perception of judgment and the discerning between right and wrong. Their development is key to how they react and their automatic responses to situations that call for a judgment of morality.
Example: Let's say that an adolescent boy, let's call him Bobby, and well Bobby finds an 100 dollar bill on the floor of a restaurant. He has the choice now to turn the money over to the manager of the establishment or he could just pocket the money. This is now a test of morality, now Bobby was raised by a family who had instilled the principle of doing the right things and the basics of the "Golden Rule." With that being said, Bobby decides to turn the money over to the manager. However, if Bobby hadn't had the moral judgment of his upbringing that could have caused him to take a different approach to the situation; taking the money for himself.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers
Image: http://m5.paperblog.com/i/81/810309/bystander-apathy-L-4RdiVL.jpeg
In our text book (Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) it says that we are mostly likely to help if we first notice the situation, then interpret it as an emergency, and then to assume responsibility for helping. However, at each of these steps the more people involved could deter the actual goal of what you are trying to accomplish: to help.
Let's say that a store was robbed and the owner is severely injured, people start to gather around and then what happens? The normal response that we would hope for would be that someone would call the police, an ambulance, or SOMETHING to aid the injured shop owner. However in this situation the people gathering around are subject to classic bystander apathy and no one calls anyone because they already think someone else has called. That is the sad and scary truth of the affect emergency has on crowds.
De-individuation is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. So there are three things that are involved with this to be a perfect identification of de-individuation. One there must be anonymity or no one can find our you wee involved. Two, distance from responsibility or you distancing yourself from the responsibility you should have for you actions. Three, then the group size come in to play: the larger the group there is a better chance that you will be caused to increase the anonymity and distancing responsibility mindsets.
At New York University there was a study done, 2 groups of women one cloaked and one not were asked to deliver electric shocks to a victim. An in result the women that remained cloaked (de-individuation) delivered twice as much shock to the "victim" (which received no actual shocks) because they were in a group and were not identifiable.
Moral Development focuses in on an individuals perception of judgment and the discerning between right and wrong. Their development is key to how they react and their automatic responses to situations that call for a judgment of morality.
Example: Let's say that an adolescent boy, let's call him Bobby, and well Bobby finds an 100 dollar bill on the floor of a restaurant. He has the choice now to turn the money over to the manager of the establishment or he could just pocket the money. This is now a test of morality, now Bobby was raised by a family who had instilled the principle of doing the right things and the basics of the "Golden Rule." With that being said, Bobby decides to turn the money over to the manager. However, if Bobby hadn't had the moral judgment of his upbringing that could have caused him to take a different approach to the situation; taking the money for himself.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers
Image: http://m5.paperblog.com/i/81/810309/bystander-apathy-L-4RdiVL.jpeg