Objective 13- Define learning.
Learning is a mixture between stimuli, visual representation, and
punishment. When you were younger, you maybe did things that weren’t in the
right. Your parents evaluated the situation and made sure that you were aware
that your actions had consequences. This was a type of learning you went
through, cause and effect, action and reaction. Learning can come from
experience and environment as well.
Say you’re a primitive being, living off the land, and you had always eaten a certain looking mushroom. One day, you tried a new mushroom, unlike the one you had always had before. It makes you sick, to an extent where you remember never to eat that fungi again. That is learning.
Observational learning can also come into play, for example you saw a boy doing a dangerous activity, and the side effects of him getting hurt may discourage your involvement in the future. These are all ways that we learn, ways that we advance our understanding of what is right and what is wrong. Safe from the unsafe. Developing our cognitive progress when looking at our surroundings.
Resources :http://www.internationalcounselor.org/Psych/learning_perspective.htm
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Mushroom-IMG_3304.JPG
Say you’re a primitive being, living off the land, and you had always eaten a certain looking mushroom. One day, you tried a new mushroom, unlike the one you had always had before. It makes you sick, to an extent where you remember never to eat that fungi again. That is learning.
Observational learning can also come into play, for example you saw a boy doing a dangerous activity, and the side effects of him getting hurt may discourage your involvement in the future. These are all ways that we learn, ways that we advance our understanding of what is right and what is wrong. Safe from the unsafe. Developing our cognitive progress when looking at our surroundings.
Resources :http://www.internationalcounselor.org/Psych/learning_perspective.htm
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Mushroom-IMG_3304.JPG
Objective 14- Summarize the components of classical conditioning.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/416438059.jpg)
Classical Conditioning is a type of learning, favored by the educational
department. This entails the interaction between environmental stimulus and
naturally occurring stimulus. In other words, it means that instead of jumping
to the natural reaction, there is a neutral emotion placed in front of that.
Hence the conditioning part of the psychological aspect. You are prepared for
whatever task or specific conditions you need to be involved in.
For example, pretend you were involved in the Civil Rights movement. You are to harness whatever composure you have and not retaliate against those who look for a negative reaction. You have been conditioned to fight with love instead of fists. Though, your normal reaction would be to fight back or defend yourself, but you remain unaffected by your surroundings. This is Classical Conditioning. You could also pretend you were a super secret spy agent, and lets say you were harboring classified information from an evil villain. Your training has prepared you NOT to give this information to the enemy at any cost. You have been conditioned for all the ways they could "extract" information from you. This is just another example.
Image:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JV549VJBSSc/T8Y_V0qpFOI/AAAAAAAADak/flN-mp_veLg/s400/8b-Civil-Rights-I-am-a-man.jpg
Resources: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm
For example, pretend you were involved in the Civil Rights movement. You are to harness whatever composure you have and not retaliate against those who look for a negative reaction. You have been conditioned to fight with love instead of fists. Though, your normal reaction would be to fight back or defend yourself, but you remain unaffected by your surroundings. This is Classical Conditioning. You could also pretend you were a super secret spy agent, and lets say you were harboring classified information from an evil villain. Your training has prepared you NOT to give this information to the enemy at any cost. You have been conditioned for all the ways they could "extract" information from you. This is just another example.
Image:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JV549VJBSSc/T8Y_V0qpFOI/AAAAAAAADak/flN-mp_veLg/s400/8b-Civil-Rights-I-am-a-man.jpg
Resources: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm
Objective 15- Describe stimulus generalization, higher order conditioning, discrimination, and extinction in classical conditioning.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/691248746.jpg?397)
Stimulus Generalization is an identification of anxiety and the affect that stimuli can have on our brains. Let's say you were attacked by a frog (if that is possible) soon after that attack you have a generalized fear of frogs.
Higher Order Conditioning is (according to Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second or weaker conditioned stimulus. An example would be, (described in Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) a dog has been conditioned that a tone predicts that food will come shortly after. Soon enough a light predicts the tone, so the dog responds to the light alone.
Discrimination in Classical Conditioning is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. So referring to the dog example above, let's say that the experiment was solely based off of tones and the dog could discern the different tones and what they meant. Responding to the good and rejecting the bad.
Extinction in Classical Conditioning is the diminishing of a conditioned responds; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. Again, in referral to the dog analogy the dog would salivate when the tone rang, expecting food. However, when the tone rang there would be no food and each time this occurred the dog salivated less and less, known as extinction.
Resouces:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers
Image: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/meriw007/psy_1001/pavlov6.jpg
Higher Order Conditioning is (according to Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second or weaker conditioned stimulus. An example would be, (described in Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers) a dog has been conditioned that a tone predicts that food will come shortly after. Soon enough a light predicts the tone, so the dog responds to the light alone.
Discrimination in Classical Conditioning is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. So referring to the dog example above, let's say that the experiment was solely based off of tones and the dog could discern the different tones and what they meant. Responding to the good and rejecting the bad.
Extinction in Classical Conditioning is the diminishing of a conditioned responds; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. Again, in referral to the dog analogy the dog would salivate when the tone rang, expecting food. However, when the tone rang there would be no food and each time this occurred the dog salivated less and less, known as extinction.
Resouces:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules by: David G. Meyers
Image: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/meriw007/psy_1001/pavlov6.jpg
Objective 16- Describe the application of the principles of classical conditioning to the therapeutic situation (systematic desensitization and aversive counter conditioning).
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/4976837.jpg?116)
Classical Conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Systematic Desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant realized state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. The image below will give you an idea of how this works, the gradual working up to the actual phobia.
Image Below: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/710/flashcards/797710/png/screen_shot_2012-04-17_at_85219_am1334678038686.png
Systematic Desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant realized state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. The image below will give you an idea of how this works, the gradual working up to the actual phobia.
Image Below: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/710/flashcards/797710/png/screen_shot_2012-04-17_at_85219_am1334678038686.png
Aversive Conditioning is a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant states with unwanted behavior. A common example would be if you eat too much candy (a behavior) could result with an upset stomach(unpleasant state). In a therapeutic sense you could think of it like this: you have a lot on your plate, metaphorically, and you are feeling overwhelmed and panicky because you seem to always take on more than you can handle. So therapeutically, to resolve this there would be a redirection of effort and ways to limit or eliminate this feeling by changes in your life.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules By: David G. Meyers
Image:
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/710/flashcards/797710/png/screen_shot_2012-04-17_at_85219_am1334678038686.png
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules By: David G. Meyers
Image:
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/710/flashcards/797710/png/screen_shot_2012-04-17_at_85219_am1334678038686.png
Objective 17- Summarize the components of instrumental conditioning.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/5181102.jpg?215)
Developed by B.F Skinner, it is the reinforcing or deterrent that a
behavior will occur in the future. Example being, Sally pushes her sister
Susan. Her mother scolds her, in the intention that the behavior will cease.
This is the deterrent, reinforcement would be saying that Susan fell and Sally
helps her sibling up. Their mother praises Sally for the good behavior. This is
the instrumental condition of our early development, our early determination of
what is good behavior and bad behavior.
Image Above: http://edu214unlv.pbworks.com/f/1320272476/Punishment.png
Above we are given the example of two more examples that are learned through Instrumental Conditioning.
Resources: http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/instrumental-conditioning.htm
Above we are given the example of two more examples that are learned through Instrumental Conditioning.
Resources: http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/instrumental-conditioning.htm