Objective 30- Describe the symptoms and possible causes for the following disorders: phobic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, schizophrenic disorders, and mood disorders.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/716738650.jpg)
Phobic Disorders: In which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of specific object, activity, or situation.
Symptoms:
Example: Let's say you have a fear of spiders because you were bitten by one as a child, that has now caused a phobia that you carry with you in your adult life.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: In which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.
Symptoms: Tense, uneasy, fidgety
Example: You could be stressed over work, school, relationships, or just have an uneasy mind.
Panic Disorder: In which a person experiences episodes of intense dread.
Symptoms: Heavy Breathing, Nausea, Intense Fear, Heart Palpitations
Example: You suddenly are consumed by the fear that something bad is about to happen, causing a panic attack.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: In which a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts and or actions, perhaps caused by hyperactive anterior cingulate cortex or even the individual's genes.
Symptoms: Repetitive thoughts, repetitive behavior, repeating rituals.
Example: The continual washing of hands produced by the troubling thought of germs and disease.
Somatoform Disorders: Traumatic childhood event.
Symptoms: Pain, Thinking your Sick, Nausea
Example: So if you think your going to be sick, then you get sick.
Dissociative Disorders: Massive disassociation of self from ordinary consciousness, memory loss, or loss of identity.
Symptoms: Sudden loss of memory, change in identity
Example: Multiple personalities.
Schizophrenic Disorders: Dopamine overactivity, maternal viruses, abnormal brain activity in certain areas, traumatic events.
Symptoms: Hallucination, Hearing Voices,
Example: A mental condition that causes your reality to be altered.
Mood Disorders: Negative thoughts, traumatic and stressful events like the death of a loved one or war, genetics
Symptoms: Major Depression, Bipolarize, emotional extremes
Examples: Bipolar or Depressed person
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.walkerwellness.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/anxiety-300x275.jpg
Symptoms:
Example: Let's say you have a fear of spiders because you were bitten by one as a child, that has now caused a phobia that you carry with you in your adult life.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: In which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.
Symptoms: Tense, uneasy, fidgety
Example: You could be stressed over work, school, relationships, or just have an uneasy mind.
Panic Disorder: In which a person experiences episodes of intense dread.
Symptoms: Heavy Breathing, Nausea, Intense Fear, Heart Palpitations
Example: You suddenly are consumed by the fear that something bad is about to happen, causing a panic attack.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: In which a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts and or actions, perhaps caused by hyperactive anterior cingulate cortex or even the individual's genes.
Symptoms: Repetitive thoughts, repetitive behavior, repeating rituals.
Example: The continual washing of hands produced by the troubling thought of germs and disease.
Somatoform Disorders: Traumatic childhood event.
Symptoms: Pain, Thinking your Sick, Nausea
Example: So if you think your going to be sick, then you get sick.
Dissociative Disorders: Massive disassociation of self from ordinary consciousness, memory loss, or loss of identity.
Symptoms: Sudden loss of memory, change in identity
Example: Multiple personalities.
Schizophrenic Disorders: Dopamine overactivity, maternal viruses, abnormal brain activity in certain areas, traumatic events.
Symptoms: Hallucination, Hearing Voices,
Example: A mental condition that causes your reality to be altered.
Mood Disorders: Negative thoughts, traumatic and stressful events like the death of a loved one or war, genetics
Symptoms: Major Depression, Bipolarize, emotional extremes
Examples: Bipolar or Depressed person
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.walkerwellness.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/anxiety-300x275.jpg
Objective 31- Describe Piaget's theory of intellectual development with special regard to the following: assimilation and accommodation, object concept in the sensorimotor stage, the symbolic function in the pre-operational stage, conservation in the concrete operational stage, and the use of the hypothetical-deductive method in the formal operational stage.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/2764183.jpg?134)
First, Piaget believed that we develop in stages of cognitive maturity and they are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. When put into regard of assimilation and accommodation we must first understand the meaning of both. Assimilation is processing what we know and putting that together with new and current understandings. Accommodation is an adjustment on current information incorporated into new experiences. Basically in comparison we are learning and advancing our cognitive development through these 5 developing stages.
Object Concept in the sensorimotor stage detecting the world by using their basic senses.
Example: When infants touch and constantly are playing with things around them, to get a sense of the universe.
The symbolic function in the pre-operational stage using intuitive instead of logical reasoning.
Example: They feel heat, so they don't touch the fire.
The conservation in the concrete operational stage is the beginning of the logical perception of events around them.
Example: Going to a circus, they will see a clown.
Use of hypothetical-deductive method in formal operational stage which means they think logically about abstract concepts.
Example: That if someone smiles, then they are happy.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Object Concept in the sensorimotor stage detecting the world by using their basic senses.
Example: When infants touch and constantly are playing with things around them, to get a sense of the universe.
The symbolic function in the pre-operational stage using intuitive instead of logical reasoning.
Example: They feel heat, so they don't touch the fire.
The conservation in the concrete operational stage is the beginning of the logical perception of events around them.
Example: Going to a circus, they will see a clown.
Use of hypothetical-deductive method in formal operational stage which means they think logically about abstract concepts.
Example: That if someone smiles, then they are happy.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Objective 32- Describe the difference between sensation and perception.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/386186530.jpg)
Sensation is more of what is happening, what you hear, smell, taste, and feel. Whereas perception is your identification of what it is. So you hear a noise, which is sensation. Now perception is what the noise is, it is a bird. So it is reaction and determination. Perception is more, shape, sound, color, and whatever you can come up with to identify the object or cause of the sensation. Another example, you hear a humming, you’re not sure what it is. Perception is deciding, it is the hum of a bee buzzing. You’ve determined this by the sound, the sight, and your intuition of what noise a bee makes.
Images Above:
1. http://cdn.desktopwallpapers4.me/wallpapers/digital-art/1920x1080/2/11553-liquid-eyeball-1920x1080-digital-art-wallpaper.jpg
2. http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/136496144.png
Resources: http://www.learninginfo.org/sensation-perception.htm
1. http://cdn.desktopwallpapers4.me/wallpapers/digital-art/1920x1080/2/11553-liquid-eyeball-1920x1080-digital-art-wallpaper.jpg
2. http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/136496144.png
Resources: http://www.learninginfo.org/sensation-perception.htm
Objective 33- Describe the role that expectation and motivation have in perception.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/862561333.jpg)
Perception is the organizing and identifying of information, when you combine that with expectation you begin to see and predict the outcome. So let's see, hmmm. Let's say that the weather man told you that there will be rain, hence, you perceive that the weather will not be sunny. If he is accurate then your perception can continue on trusting his judgment and if he was wrong then that can change.
When combined with motivation things that seem farther way may seem closer. Let's say that you have a bunch of homework, it may seem less than perceived because you have the motivation to do the work.
Some may wee a young lady or a cloaked old woman. (LEFT)
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=perception+illusions&qs=IM&form=QBIR&pq=perception&sc=8-10&sp=2&sk=IM1#view=detail&id=0D0D9
D6F3DD01FFB18EF4C921780792CB74C2FC5&selectedIndex=10
When combined with motivation things that seem farther way may seem closer. Let's say that you have a bunch of homework, it may seem less than perceived because you have the motivation to do the work.
Some may wee a young lady or a cloaked old woman. (LEFT)
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=perception+illusions&qs=IM&form=QBIR&pq=perception&sc=8-10&sp=2&sk=IM1#view=detail&id=0D0D9
D6F3DD01FFB18EF4C921780792CB74C2FC5&selectedIndex=10
Objective 34- Summarize the Gestalt principles of perception.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/3143994.jpg?150)
Gesalt means that when people are given a cluster of sensations they tend to organize them into a whole or a form. So basically in short, there are different ways of seeing things, illusions caused by images that soon allow our brains to see images that were not intended.
There are 6 Principles
Similarity: When the items look similar to each other.
Example Below
Image:http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/similarity/images/similarity01.gif
There are 6 Principles
Similarity: When the items look similar to each other.
Example Below
Image:http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/similarity/images/similarity01.gif
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/404869951.gif)
Continuation is the following of one object onto another, drawing the eye slowly away. Just like in the image on the left.
Image: http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/continuation/continuation_a.gif
Image: http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/continuation/continuation_a.gif
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/631230090.gif)
Closure occurs when an object is not completely closed, but appears to make an object.
Image:
http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/closure/closure_a.gif
Image:
http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/closure/closure_a.gif
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/476973865.gif)
Proximity is when objects are placed close together.
Image:
http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/proximity/proxa.gif
Image:
http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/proximity/proxa.gif
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/964636312.gif)
Figure and Ground or Area and Symmetry is when the eye differs the object from the area around it.
Image: http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/figure_ground/images/fig_grnd02.gif
Image: http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/figure_ground/images/fig_grnd02.gif
ALL INFORMATION ABOVE WAS FOUND AT : http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/gestaltprinc.htm
Objective 35- Explain the processes of depth perception and size constancy.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/844249506.png?545)
Depth Perception enables us to estimate an object's distance for where we are located. Also, Size Constancy is knowing that the object is still the same size event though our distance form them varies.
Depth Perception Example: A car is approaching me and I can gage how long it will take the car to get to me. So then I can range when it will be okay to cross the street.
Size Constancy Example: When they take the hairbrush and put it close to my face, it appears bigger than it's actual size. It remains the same size, though it is a closer proximity to my noggin. Same size, just inconsistent distance.
Resources: Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://i213.photobucket.com/albums/cc144/TYN78/StripsEng/hamsters_have_no_depth_perception.png
Depth Perception Example: A car is approaching me and I can gage how long it will take the car to get to me. So then I can range when it will be okay to cross the street.
Size Constancy Example: When they take the hairbrush and put it close to my face, it appears bigger than it's actual size. It remains the same size, though it is a closer proximity to my noggin. Same size, just inconsistent distance.
Resources: Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://i213.photobucket.com/albums/cc144/TYN78/StripsEng/hamsters_have_no_depth_perception.png
Objective 36- Explain the relationship between size constancy and the Muller-Lyer illusion.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/7/8/26784885/389239977.gif)
Size Constancy is the knowing that no matte how far away an object appears or how small it looks from a distance it is still the same size. The Muller- Lyer illusion has been one of the most question geometric questions. You have two lines, the same length then added arrow like lines going opposite ways like the one on the left. One appears longer than the other. They are still the same size but here is a just an illusion.
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/gifs/mullyera.gif
Resources:
Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules, By: David G. Meyers
Image: http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/gifs/mullyera.gif